"""Toy code implementing the time evolving block decimation (TEBD)."""
# Copyright (C) TeNPy Developers, Apache license
import numpy as np
from scipy.linalg import expm
from .a_mps import split_truncate_theta
def calc_U_bonds(H_bonds, dt):
"""Given the H_bonds, calculate ``U_bonds[i] = expm(-dt*H_bonds[i])``.
Each local operator has legs (i out, (i+1) out, i in, (i+1) in), in short ``i j i* j*``.
Note that no imaginary 'i' is included, thus real `dt` means 'imaginary time' evolution!
"""
d = H_bonds[0].shape[0]
U_bonds = []
for H in H_bonds:
H = np.reshape(H, [d * d, d * d])
U = expm(-dt * H)
U_bonds.append(np.reshape(U, [d, d, d, d]))
return U_bonds
def run_TEBD(psi, U_bonds, N_steps, chi_max, eps):
"""Evolve for `N_steps` time steps with TEBD."""
Nbonds = psi.L - 1 if psi.bc == 'finite' else psi.L
assert len(U_bonds) == Nbonds
for n in range(N_steps):
for k in [0, 1]: # even, odd
for i_bond in range(k, Nbonds, 2):
update_bond(psi, i_bond, U_bonds[i_bond], chi_max, eps)
# done
def update_bond(psi, i, U_bond, chi_max, eps):
"""Apply `U_bond` acting on i,j=(i+1) to `psi`."""
j = (i + 1) % psi.L
# construct theta matrix
theta = psi.get_theta2(i) # vL i j vR
# apply U
Utheta = np.tensordot(U_bond, theta, axes=([2, 3], [1, 2])) # i j [i*] [j*], vL [i] [j] vR
Utheta = np.transpose(Utheta, [2, 0, 1, 3]) # vL i j vR
# split and truncate
Ai, Sj, Bj = split_truncate_theta(Utheta, chi_max, eps)
# put back into MPS
Gi = np.tensordot(np.diag(psi.Ss[i]**(-1)), Ai, axes=(1, 0)) # vL [vL*], [vL] i vC
psi.Bs[i] = np.tensordot(Gi, np.diag(Sj), axes=(2, 0)) # vL i [vC], [vC] vC
psi.Ss[j] = Sj # vC
psi.Bs[j] = Bj # vC j vR
def example_TEBD_gs_tf_ising_finite(L, g, chi_max=30):
print("finite TEBD, imaginary time evolution, transverse field Ising")
print("L={L:d}, g={g:.2f}".format(L=L, g=g))
from . import a_mps
from . import b_model
model = b_model.TFIModel(L=L, J=1., g=g, bc='finite')
psi = a_mps.init_FM_MPS(model.L, model.d, model.bc)
for dt in [0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 1.e-4, 1.e-5]:
U_bonds = calc_U_bonds(model.H_bonds, dt)
run_TEBD(psi, U_bonds, N_steps=500, chi_max=chi_max, eps=1.e-10)
E = np.sum(psi.bond_expectation_value(model.H_bonds))
print("dt = {dt:.5f}: E = {E:.13f}".format(dt=dt, E=E))
print("final bond dimensions: ", psi.get_chi())
mag_x = np.sum(psi.site_expectation_value(model.sigmax))
mag_z = np.sum(psi.site_expectation_value(model.sigmaz))
print("magnetization in X = {mag_x:.5f}".format(mag_x=mag_x))
print("magnetization in Z = {mag_z:.5f}".format(mag_z=mag_z))
if L < 20: # compare to exact result
from .tfi_exact import finite_gs_energy
E_exact = finite_gs_energy(L, 1., g)
print("Exact diagonalization: E = {E:.13f}".format(E=E_exact))
print("relative error: ", abs((E - E_exact) / E_exact))
return E, psi, model
def example_TEBD_gs_tf_ising_infinite(g, chi_max=30):
print("infinite TEBD, imaginary time evolution, transverse field Ising")
print("g={g:.2f}".format(g=g))
from . import a_mps
from . import b_model
model = b_model.TFIModel(L=2, J=1., g=g, bc='infinite')
psi = a_mps.init_FM_MPS(model.L, model.d, model.bc)
for dt in [0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 1.e-4, 1.e-5]:
U_bonds = calc_U_bonds(model.H_bonds, dt)
run_TEBD(psi, U_bonds, N_steps=500, chi_max=chi_max, eps=1.e-10)
E = np.mean(psi.bond_expectation_value(model.H_bonds))
print("dt = {dt:.5f}: E (per site) = {E:.13f}".format(dt=dt, E=E))
print("final bond dimensions: ", psi.get_chi())
mag_x = np.mean(psi.site_expectation_value(model.sigmax))
mag_z = np.mean(psi.site_expectation_value(model.sigmaz))
print("<sigma_x> = {mag_x:.5f}".format(mag_x=mag_x))
print("<sigma_z> = {mag_z:.5f}".format(mag_z=mag_z))
print("correlation length:", psi.correlation_length())
# compare to exact result
from .tfi_exact import infinite_gs_energy
E_exact = infinite_gs_energy(1., g)
print("Analytic result: E (per site) = {E:.13f}".format(E=E_exact))
print("relative error: ", abs((E - E_exact) / E_exact))
return E, psi, model
def example_TEBD_tf_ising_lightcone(L, g, tmax, dt, chi_max=50):
print("finite TEBD, real time evolution, transverse field Ising")
print("L={L:d}, g={g:.2f}, tmax={tmax:.2f}, dt={dt:.3f}".format(L=L, g=g, tmax=tmax, dt=dt))
# find ground state with TEBD or DMRG
# E, psi, model = example_TEBD_gs_tf_ising_finite(L, g)
from .d_dmrg import example_DMRG_tf_ising_finite
E, psi, model = example_DMRG_tf_ising_finite(L, g)
i0 = L // 2
# apply sigmaz on site i0
SzB = np.tensordot(model.sigmaz, psi.Bs[i0], axes=(1, 1)) # i [i*], vL [i] vR
psi.Bs[i0] = np.transpose(SzB, [1, 0, 2]) # vL i vR
U_bonds = calc_U_bonds(model.H_bonds, 1.j * dt) # (imaginary dt -> realtime evolution)
S = [psi.entanglement_entropy()]
Nsteps = int(tmax / dt + 0.5)
for n in range(Nsteps):
if abs((n * dt + 0.1) % 0.2 - 0.1) < 1.e-10:
print("t = {t:.2f}, chi =".format(t=n * dt), psi.get_chi())
run_TEBD(psi, U_bonds, 1, chi_max=chi_max, eps=1.e-10)
S.append(psi.entanglement_entropy())
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure()
plt.imshow(S[::-1],
vmin=0.,
aspect='auto',
interpolation='nearest',
extent=(0, L - 1., -0.5 * dt, (Nsteps + 0.5) * dt))
plt.xlabel('site $i$')
plt.ylabel('time $t/J$')
plt.ylim(0., tmax)
plt.colorbar().set_label('entropy $S$')
filename = 'c_tebd_lightcone_{g:.2f}_chi_{chi_max:d}.pdf'.format(g=g, chi_max=chi_max)
plt.savefig(filename)
print("saved " + filename)